Kesehatan masyarakat dan kesigapan dokter

http://m.sindonews.com/read/2013/11/30/18/811759/kesehatan-masyarakat-dan-kesigapan-dokter

Koran SINDO

Sabtu,  30 November 2013  −  06:57 WIB

MOH MAHFUD MD

MESKIPUN sudah agak lama, saya sungguh iba jika mengingat kejadian itu. Saat itu anak saya yang sedang melaksanakan tugas koas sebagai sarjana kedokteran UGM memberi informasi yang memilukan kepada saya. Di rumah sakit tempat anak saya bertugas itu, yakni Rumah Sakit Umum Banyumas, ada seorang pria yang merelakan istrinya meninggal di rumah sakit karena tidak mampu memenuhi persyaratan administratif untuk mendapat bantuan pengobatan gratis dari negara. 

Pria itu miskin, istrinya sakit dan harus dioperasi untuk menyelamatkan nyawanya. Pihak administrator rumah sakit meminta surat keterangan miskin terlebih dahulu sebelum sang istri dioperasi. Tetapi setelah pontangpanting dari desa ke kecamatan dan terus ke rumah sakit, ternyata surat keterangan itu dinyatakan belum lengkap juga. Sang istri tidak bisa ditangani sebelum kelengkapan administrasi itu dipenuhi. Pria itu menyatakan menyerah, tak bisa memenuhi kelengkapan administrasi karena tak punya ongkos transpor untuk mengurus ke desanya. 

Pria itu tak punya uang untuk naik bus ke kecamatan, kemudian naik angkot dari kecamatan ke desa, dan naik ojek dari jalan desa ke rumah pejabat desa yang berwenang mengeluarkan surat keterangan miskin itu. Uang sebesar Rp200.000 untuk biaya transpor pulang-pergi dari rumah sakit ke desa tidak dia punyai. Karena tidak ada yang bisa dimintai tolong, dia pun menyatakan pasrah istrinya tak ditolong. Dia tak berdaya dan pasrah di rumah sakit itu. Itulah contoh kisah sedih tentang seorang pasien yang ”dengan tega” tidak segera ditangani hanya karena alasan administratif. 

Kisah tersebut tentu berbalikan dengan kisah Dokter Dewa Ayu yang karena terlalu cepat mengoperasi pasien di sebuah rumah sakit di Manado, terpaksa digelandang ke pengadilan pidana dan dijatuhi hukuman selama 10 bulan. Majelis hakim di Mahkamah Agung menyatakan Ayu ceroboh dan bersalah. Padahal, Majelis Etik Kedokteran sudah menyatakan bahwa Dokter Dewa Ayu tidak melakukan pelanggaran prosedur dan etik. 

Dalam tiga hari terakhir ini, masyarakat Indonesia menonton gelombang demo solider, bahkan pemogokan, oleh para dokter yang memprotes penjatuhan hukuman oleh MA terhadap sejawatnya itu. Para dokter itu menuntut agar dokter yang dalam melakukan tugas menyebabkan matinya pasien, apalagi kalau tak terbukti malapraktik, tak dijatuhi hukuman. Jika dihantui ancaman hukuman dalam menjalankan tugas maka bisa-bisa para dokter tidak akan berani melakukan tindakan cepat untuk menolong pasien. 

Kasus Dokter Dewa Ayu ini memang tampak dilematis. Di satu pihak seorang dokter, karena tanggung jawab profesionalnya, harus melakukan tindakan cepat untuk menyelamatkan pasien, tidak seperti yang pernah terjadi di rumah sakit Banyumas yang secara bertele-tele dan birokratis meminta jaminan dan syarat administratif ini dan itu lebih dulu. Tetapi di pihak lain, seorang dokter yang ceroboh (mungkin karena terlalu bersemangat untuk menolong pasien) dan melakukan malapraktik maka dapat dijatuhi hukuman sesuai dengan ketentuan undang-undang. 

Mungkin, Dokter Ayu melakukan tindakan medis yang menyebabkan kematian pasien itu karena didorong keinginannya untuk memberi pertolongan secara cepat. Namun, hakim di MA menemukan bukti dan menilai bahwa Dokter Ayu bertindak ceroboh alias bersalah sehingga harus dihukum. Dilemanya, ada tuntutan yuridis untuk menghukum orang yang bersalah yang berhadapan dengan tuntutan sosiologis agar pengadilan tak mudah menghukum dokter yang memberi pertolongan pada pasien. 

Untuk kasus penghukuman terhadap Dokter Ayu, mungkin penyelesaiannya tidak terlalu sulit. Terhukum bisa mengajukan upaya hukum luar biasa dengan mengajukan permohonan peninjauan kembali (PK). Melalui upaya hukum PK inilah, MA bisa meneliti kembali apakah ada novum atau apakah penerapan hukum oleh hakim MA yang mengadili Dokter Ayu itu sudah benar atau tidak. Prinsipnya dokter tidak boleh dihantui rasa takut dihukum dalam mengambil tindakan medis, tetapi juga tak boleh ceroboh sehingga harus tetap dijatuhi hukuman jika melakukan kesalahan. 

Persoalannya terletak pada bagaimana membuktikan perkara itu di pengadilan. Yang harus lebih diperhatikan oleh pemerintah adalah bagaimana birokrasi pelayanan kesehatan pada umumnya dibenahi. Sebab selain contoh yang saya sebutkan di atas, masih sangat banyak contoh lain di mana orang miskin sepertinya ”dilarang sakit”. Banyak berita tentang adanya orang yang ditolak, ditelantarkan, atau tidak segera ditangani oleh dokter karena tidak bisa memberi uang jaminan sebelum ditangani. 

Sering juga kita membaca berita adanya orang tua yang menangis di rumah sakit, karena anak yang baru dilahirkannya tidak bisa dibawa pulang karena tidak punya uang untuk membayar biaya persalinan dan pengobatannya. Banyak hal yang memilukan dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Ini menunjukkan, tugas-tugas konstitusional pemerintah untuk mencapai tujuan negara telah sangat terabaikan. 

Menurut konstitusi salah satu tujuan negara adalah membangun kesejahteraan umum dan kesejahteraan itu hanya bisa dipenuhi melalui kecukupan ekonomi, kelayakan pendidikan, dan pelayanan kesehatan. Pemerintah yang mengabaikan pelayanan kesehatan pada rakyatnya adalah pemerintah yang mengkhianati tugas konstitusionalnya. 

MOH MAHFUD MD 
Guru Besar Hukum Konstitusi

The Risk of Running Windows XP After Support Ends April 2014

http://blogs.technet.com/b/security/archive/2013/08/15/the-risk-of-running-windows-xp-after-support-ends.aspx
Tim Rains - Microsoft 

Back in April I published a post about the end of support for Windows XP called The Countdown Begins: Support for Windows XP Ends on April 8, 2014.  Since then, many of the customers I have talked to have moved, or are in the process of moving,  their organizations from Windows XP to modern operating systems like Windows 7 or Windows 8.

There is a sense of urgency because after April 8, Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) customers will no longer receive new security updates, non-security hotfixes, free or paid assisted support options or online technical content updates.  This means that any new vulnerabilities discovered in Windows XP after its “end of life” will not be addressed by new security updates from Microsoft.  Still, I have talked to some customers who, for one reason or another, will not have completely migrated from Windows XP before April 8.  I have even talked to some customers that say they won’t migrate from Windows XP until the hardware it’s running on fails.

What is the risk of continuing to run Windows XP after its end of support date?  One risk is that attackers will have the advantage over defenders who choose to run Windows XP because attackers will likely have more information about vulnerabilities in Windows XP than defenders. Let me explain why this will be the case.

When Microsoft releases a security update, security researchers and criminals will often times reverse engineer the security update in short order in an effort to identify the specific section of code that contains the vulnerability addressed by the update. Once they identify this vulnerability, they attempt to develop code that will allow them to exploit it on systems that do not have the security update installed on them. They also try to identify whether the vulnerability exists in other products with the same or similar functionality. For example, if a vulnerability is addressed in one version of Windows, researchers investigate whether other versions of Windows have the same vulnerability.  To ensure that our customers are not at a disadvantage to attackers who employ such practices, one long standing principle that the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC) uses when managing security update releases is to release security updates for all affected products simultaneously.  This practice ensures customers have the advantage over such attackers, as they get security updates for all affected products before attackers have a chance to reverse engineer them.

But after April 8, 2014, organizations that continue to run Windows XP won’t have this advantage over attackers any longer.  The very first month that Microsoft releases security updates for supported versions of Windows, attackers will reverse engineer those updates, find the vulnerabilities and test Windows XP to see if it shares those vulnerabilities.  If it does, attackers will attempt to develop exploit code that can take advantage of those vulnerabilities on Windows XP.  Since a security update will never become available for Windows XP to address these vulnerabilities, Windows XP will essentially have a “zero day” vulnerability forever.  How often could this scenario occur?  Between July 2012 and July 2013 Windows XP was an affected product in 45 Microsoft security bulletins, of which 30 also affected Windows 7 and Windows 8. 
  
Some of the people I have discussed this scenario with are quick to point out that there are security mitigations built into Windows XP that can make it harder for such exploits to be successful.  There is also anti-virus software that can help block attacks and clean up infections if they occur.  The challenge here is that you’ll never know, with any confidence, if the trusted computing base of the system can actually be trusted because attackers will be armed with public knowledge of zero day exploits in Windows XP that could enable them to compromise the system and possibly run the code of their choice. Furthermore, can the system’s APIs that anti-virus software uses be trusted under these circumstances? For some customers, this level of confidence in the integrity of their systems might be okay, but for most it won’t be acceptable.

As for the security mitigations that Windows XP Service Pack 3 has, they were state of the art when they were developed many years ago.  But we can see from data published in the Microsoft Security Intelligence Report that the security mitigations built into Windows XP are no longer sufficient to blunt many of the modern day attacks we currently see.  The data we have on malware infection rates for Windows operating systems indicates that the infection rate for Windows XP is significantly higher than those for modern day operating systems like Windows 7 and Windows 8.

Figure 1: Infection rate (CCM) by operating system and service pack in the fourth quarter of 2012 as reported in the Microsoft Security Intelligence Report volume 14

I recently wrote about the findings of a new study on exploit activity that we just published: Software Vulnerability Exploitation Trends - Exploring the impact of software mitigations on patterns of vulnerability exploitation.  This seven-year study indicates that attackers have evolved their attacks to overcome one of the key security mitigations that Windows XP has: Data Execution Prevention (DEP).  Figure 3 shows the number of common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVEs) that had exploits that would have been mitigated if DEP were enabled compared to the number of CVEs that had exploits that bypassed DEP. With the exception of 2007 and 2008, there appears to be a clear downward trend in DEP’s ability to retroactively break exploits. This trend is not because DEP is no longer effective; rather, it is an indication that attackers have been forced to adapt to environments in which DEP is already enabled—at increased cost and complexity. The evidence is the increasing number of CVEs that had exploits that bypassed DEP.

Figure 2 (left): The number of CVEs that were exploited using specific exploitation techniques; Figure 3 (right): The number of CVEs for which exploits were written that could have been mitigated by enabling DEP as compared to the number of CVEs that had exploits that bypassed DEP

This new data shows us that the predominate threats that individuals and organizations face are now much different than they were when Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released. Turning on the Windows Firewall in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later operating systems forced attackers to evolve their attacks.  Rather than actively targeting remote services, attackers now primarily focus on exploiting vulnerabilities in client applications such as web browsers and document readers. In addition, attackers have refined their tools and techniques over the past decade to make them more effective at exploiting vulnerabilities. As a result, the security features that are built into Windows XP are no longer sufficient to defend against modern threats.  Windows 8 has significantly superior security mitigations compared to Windows XP as Figure 4 illustrates.  Detailed information on the new security mitigations built into Windows 8 is available in the aforementioned research paper.

Figure 4: The table below compares the mitigation features supported by Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP Service Pack 3 with the features supported by Internet Explorer 10 on Windows 8. As this table shows, Internet Explorer 10 on Windows 8 benefits from an extensive number of platform security improvements that simply are not available to Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP.

Organizations need a level of certainty about the integrity of their systems. Minimizing the number of systems running unsupported operating systems is helpful in achieving that. End of support for Windows XP is April 8, 2014.

Tim Rains
Director
Trustworthy Computing

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is among world’s top five tolerant nations

http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/61699.html

By Nazrin Gadimova

Azerbaijan is among the top five tolerant countries in the world according to the Venividi.ru website's rating.

The list was prepared to mark the International Day of Tolerance (November 16).

"Azerbaijan, which is ahead of not only Asian, but most European countries by the level of tolerance, can be considered as an example of religious tolerance. The country, in which Muslims account for 95 percent of the population, was able to secure a peaceful and comfortable accommodation for people of other faiths and nationalities and earned praise from the vice-president of the European Parliament," the report said.

According to the website, today model of tolerance in Azerbaijan is considered a model for theMuslim world and is actively being discussed at many international conferences and forums.

"The country's leadership thinks: the people, no matter of their religion, are obliged to respect all other cultures, religions, and moral values. The people are also obliged to be tolerant in regards to all traditions, whether they are acceptable to them or not," said the report.

Canada, Sweden, Argentina and Australia are also on top of the list.

Azerbaijan was historically known as a country of tolerance. Respect for multiculturalism, ethnic and religious minorities is a national characteristic of the Azerbaijani people. Major international events conducted by Azerbaijan, as well as at the initiative of President of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, UNESCO and ISESCO Goodwill Ambassador Mehriban Aliyeva in recent years have turned Azerbaijan into a recognized international center of inter-cultural and inter-religious dialogue.

Religious Tolerance in Azerbaijan: Jews, Germans, Molokans, and the Udi of Nij

http://hir.harvard.edu/blog/sama-mammadova/religious-tolerance-in-azerbaijan-jews-germans-molokans-and-the-udi-of-nij#.UpF7YD0OpcE.twitter

By Sama Mammadova

When we think about religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence between members of different religions, we usually think of wealthy and prosperous countries such as Canada, Australia, or Sweden, where immense religious diversity and high level of care for citizens’ rights prevent tensions between religious groups from arising. However, the latest report presented at the European Parliament has revealed that Azerbaijan, a much smaller and younger nation, has achieved such a high level of religious tolerance, so much so that it surpasses most advanced and wealthy countries in both the East and the West. According to some, Azerbaijan is among five of the most religiously tolerant countries in the world. 

On November 13, 2013, three days before the International Day of Tolerance, the European Parliament presented a report on “Religious Minorities in Azerbaijan: From History to Independence,” which was prepared by the international organization known as “Human Rights Without Frontiers.” According to the chairman of Human Rights Without Frontiers International, Willy Fautre, who presented the report, it was based on studies conducted during the visits that the members of his organization have paid to Azerbaijan. The report studied the living conditions and treatment of Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, Protestant and Udi communities in Azerbaijan. Representatives of all these communities participated in the studies and unanimously agreed that the Azerbaijani government, as well as people, have demonstrated the highest level of friendliness, support, and tolerance towards their religious affiliations, and that their communities have always felt welcome and safe in Azerbaijan. In response to the report, Laszlo Surjan, the Vice President of the European Parliament, said that he is deeply impressed by Azerbaijan’s religious tolerance towards the non-Muslim minorities, which sets an impressive example of peaceful co-existence: "It is my greatest pleasure to be able to praise the country for the very promising developments in accommodating non-Muslim minorities in the 96% Islamic Azerbaijan. I believe that their model constitutes a role model for the Muslim world, therefore it is most important to make the added value of such peaceful co-existence visible for all of us. This might be helpful for the problematic countries of the Arab Spring and might also contribute to fight Islamophobia in Western countries."

Though 96% of Azerbaijani population is Muslim, Azerbaijan is a secular republic where the state is entirely separated from religion. The Azerbaijani Constitution outlaws any type of political, racial, ethnic, national, cultural, religious, or sexual persecution in Article 109, and in 1992, a specific amendment of “Freedom of Faith and Religion” was passed to reinforce the concept of religious tolerance. Today, Azerbaijan is home to many ethnic and religious groups.

One of the most numerous religious minorities in Azerbaijan are Jews, who have considered Azerbaijan a welcoming home for a long time. The biggest Jewish groups in Azerbaijan are currently Juhuro, Ashkenazi, and Gurjim, and there are also small Jewish populations throughout the country. The first synagogue was built in Azerbaijan in 1862, and the number of Jewish temples is rapidly growing since then. In 1919, soon after the creation of Azerbaijani Democratic Republic in 1918, the Jewish National University opened in Azerbaijan and offered classes in Yiddish, Juhuri, and Ibrani, the most popular languages spoken by Azerbaijani Jews at that time. According to the population census conducted in Azerbaijan in 2002, 8,900 Jews currently live in Azerbaijan as citizens.

Another interesting religious minority group in Azerbaijan is the Udis, who live in a village of Nij near the city of Qabala. The Udis are an ancient ethnic group that has dwelled in the Caucasus Mountains since 5 BC. There are only a few thousand Udis in the world today, and the majority, approximately 4,000 of them, live in Azerbaijan. The Udis practice Eastern Orthodox Christianity and have preserved their language and their unique calendar. According to Paul Steele, a British researcher who has visited the village, the Udis are proud to have been able to preserve their community and are grateful and happy that the Azerbaijani authorities and people have treated them with tolerance, friendliness, and assisted them in preserving their language, religion, and ethnic identity.

Besides being home to the Udis, Azerbaijan also hosts seven towns that were founded by 194 Swabian German families primarily from Reutlingen, who fled Napoleon’s invasion and moved to Azerbaijan in 1818 and 1819. Almost two centuries later, the Swabian Germans still live in those towns, have their own churches, and remain closely attached to their German and Protestant identities.

 Similarly, Molokan Russians, who belong to a rare branch of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, were persecuted in Russia and fled to religiously tolerant Azerbaijan in the 1820s . Free from Russian persecution, they are able to enjoy their religious freedom in Azerbaijan up to today, with their own towns and churches, and with their faith, language, and traditions highly valued and respected by the Muslim Azerbaijani majority. Today, about 500 Molokans call Azerbaijan their home.

 Although the population of Azerbaijan is just nine million people, and the country itself is only 86.6 thousands square kilometers, it has an impressive, kaleidoscopic diversity of religions and nationalities coexisting in peace with the Muslim Azerbaijani majority. Praised for its tolerance by the European Parliament, Azerbaijan doubtlessly sets a positive example of multi-culturalism, friendliness, and hospitality to the world.

The £150 house: Farmer builds a cosy cob home using materials he recycled from skips... and the tenant pays the rent in MILK

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2513154/Farmer-builds-house-just-150-using-materials-skips--current-tenant-pays-rent-MILK.html
By JAMES RUSH

• Michael Buck used only natural materials or unwanted items to build 'cob house' at bottom of his garden

• He said he wanted to challenge the notion that paying for a house should take a lifetime

• He is now renting out the property to a worker on a neighouring farm, who pays for her lodgings in milk

A farmer has built a house for just £150 using an ancient building technique and materials he found in skips.

Michael Buck, 59, used only natural materials or unwanted items to build the 'cob house' at the bottom of his garden in the Oxfordshire countryside.

The former art teacher, now a rural smallholder near Oxford, has started renting out the property and his current tenant - a worker on a neighbouring dairy farm - pays for her lodgings in milk.

Cob houses are built according to a method thought to date back to prehistoric times which uses only earth, clay and straw.

In building the house, Mr Buck, rescued the floorboards from a neighbour's skip and used the windscreen of an old lorry to create several of the home's windows.

He even carried a 10ft wide bundle of reeds draped across his back on foot to avoid racking up a carbon footprint.

The dedicated father-of-three also taught himself how to thatch in order to create the house’s intricate roof.

Although it has no electricity the cottage boasts free running water from a nearby spring and walls painted with a chalk and plant resin mixture.

It has a kitchen and dining area, along with a bunk-style bed to maximise space below.

Thatched roof: Former art teacher Mr Buck taught himself how to thatch in order to create the cottage's intricate roof

Welcoming: Cob houses are built according to a method thought to date back to prehistoric times which uses only earth, clay and straw

Isolated: The cottage, situated in the Oxfordshire countryside, even has its own thatched outhouse complete with composting toilet

Heat is provided by a wood-burning stove - and thanks to the cob walls and thatched roof the house is surprisingly well-insulated.

A shallow well outside the front door also acts as a primitive fridge to keep milk and other liquids cool.

The isolated retreat even has its own thatched outhouse complete with composting toilet.

Mr Buck, who spent two years gathering materials and constructing the house, said he wanted to challenge the notion that paying for a house should take a lifetime.

He said: 'It was meant to cost nothing but some things went wrong so we ended up spending £150 on it.

'If I were a property developer I’d have an infinity overspend because as a percentage of nothing, which was my target, £150 is quite a lot.

'But I believe in the idea of houses not costing much.

'A house does not have to cost the Earth - you only need earth to build it.

'There’s this idea people have to spend their whole lives paying off their mortgage doing something they don’t enjoy which I wanted to challenge.

'I also used mostly natural materials - I wanted the house to fit in with the landscape rather than intrude upon it.

The property boasts free running water from a nearby spring

Tradition: English cob was traditionally made by mixing a clay-based subsoil with sand, straw and water before using oxen to trample it

Homely: Heat is provided by a wood-burning stove - and thanks to the cob walls and thatched roof the house is surprisingly well-insulated

Cob houses have been built across the world for thousands of years.

English cob was traditionally made by mixing a clay-based subsoil with sand, straw and water before using oxen to trample it.

The mixture would then be ladled on to a stone foundation and trodden into the wall by workers - a process known as ‘cobbing’.

Over time the layers of cob would be gradually built up as the previous layer - or ‘course’ - hardened.

A Love Letter Was Found On This 500 Year Old Mummified Body. Nothing Could Prepare Me For What It Said.

http://www.viralnova.com/lost-love-letter/

When we love another person, we are on a journey through life with them. However, sometimes death separates us from our partners before the journey is over. This love letter was written by a grieving pregnant widow to her dead lover, Eung-Tae Lee. It was was discovered in an ancient tomb in Andong City, South Korea. The 16th-century male was a member of the ancient Goseong Yi clan and died long before his beloved at the age of 30.

Even though Eung-Tae Lee is now mummified, his death can still break our hearts.

This letter was resting on his chest, a message of love that stayed by his side since 1582. His pregnant wife wrote it for him while her life was falling apart.

These sandals were placed in the tomb with him, lovingly woven from hemp bark and his heartbroken wife’s own hair.

The letter reads:

To Won’s Father

June 1, 1586

You always said, “Dear, let’s live together until our hair turns gray and die on the same day.” How could you pass away without me? Who should I and our little boy listen to and how should we live? How could you go ahead of me?

How did you bring your heart to me and how did I bring my heart to you? Whenever we lay down together you always told me, “Dear, do other people cherish and love each other like we do? Are they really like us?” How could you leave all that behind and go ahead of me?

I just cannot live without you. I just want to go to you. Please take me to where you are. My feelings toward you I cannot forget in this world and my sorrow knows no limit. Where would I put my heart in now and how can I live with the child missing you?

Please look at this letter and tell me in detail in my dreams. Because I want to listen to your saying in detail in my dreams I write this letter and put it in. Look closely and talk to me.

When I give birth to the child in me, who should it call father? Can anyone fathom how I feel? There is no tragedy like this under the sky.

You are just in another place, and not in such a deep grief as I am. There is no limit and end to my sorrows that I write roughly. Please look closely at this letter and come to me in my dreams and show yourself in detail and tell me. I believe I can see you in my dreams. Come to me secretly and show yourself. There is no limit to what I want to say and I stop here.

Love is timeless. The love these two shared centuries ago is just as strong as the love we share today. It’s an incredible thing.

Ahli Geologi: Situs Gunung Padang Bisa Ubah Peta Peradaban Dunia!

http://forum.viva.co.id/sejarah/1358237-ahli-geologi-situs-gunung-padang-bisa-ubah-peta-peradaban-dunia.html?fb_action_ids=10201074393732490&fb_action_types=og.likes&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=%5B621121147926601%5D&action_type_map=%5B%22og.likes%22%5D&action_ref_map=%5B%5D

Penemuan Situs Gunung Padang di Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat, yang diperkirakan berusia lebih dari 13.000 tahun, mengejutkan para peneliti arkeologi.



Penemuan Situs Gunung Padang di Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat, cukup mengejutkan berbagai kalangan masyarakat, khususnya para peneliti arkeologi. Pasalnya, berdasarkan penelitian, situs ini diperkirakan berusia sekitar 13.000 tahun!

Itu artinya, peradaban di Situs Gunung Padang lebih tua dari peradaban Mesopotamia dan Pyramid Giza di Mesir, yang selama ini dipercaya sebagai peradaban tertua di dunia. Sehingga temuan Situs Gunung Padang yang hingga saat ini masih dalam proses penelitian tersebut, bisa mengubah peta peradaban dunia.

gunung padang Tropen Museum 1940Penelitian mengenai Situs Gunung Padang dilakukan sejak November 2011.



Setelah diteliti selama hampir dua tahun hingga sekarang, diketahui bahwa Situs Gunung Padang bukanlah sebuah situs yang sederhana, melainkan sebuah monumen yang sangat besar.

Situs ini diperkirakan luasnya mencapai 10 kali luas Candi Borobudur di Jawa Tengah.

Dari Peradaban Yang Cukup Maju



Koordinator Tim Peneliti Mandiri Terpadu Gunung Padang, Prof. Danny Hilman Natawidjaja mengatakan, berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan selama ini terlihat bahwa susunan batu pada Situs Gunung Padang sudah cukup maju.

Susunan batu tersebut mirip dengan teknologi Situs Machu Pichu di Peru. Menurut Danny, yang lebih mengejutkan dari penemuan Situs Gunung Padang ini yaitu umur susunan batu yang berbeda-beda dari setiap lapisannya.

Lapisan teratas berumur lebih muda, yaitu 500 tahun Sebelum Masehi, ada pula lapisan yang berumur 7.000 tahun Sebelum Masehi.

Bahkan, jika dihitung hingga lapisan terbawah, Situs Gunung Padang diperkirakan usianya sekitar 13 ribu tahun.

“Gunung Padang itu suatu monumen yang besar. Punden berundaknya yang lapisan pertamanya itu tingginya sampai 100 meteran, jadi luasnya 150 hektar, yang jelas 10 kali lebih besar dari bangunan (Candi) Borobudur.

Usia Dari Peradaban 13.000 Tahun Lalu

Dibilang menunjukkan umurnya lebih dari 13 ribu tahun itu sudah ada sekitar 3 atau 4 carbon dating (pengukuran umur lapisan berdasarkan kandungan unsur karbon di lapisan tersebut—red) yang kita lakukan di peta analisis,” papar Danny Natawidjaja.

Danny mengatakan, dengan usia yang sedemikian tua, maka Situs Gunung Padang dapat dikatakan sebagai situs peradaban tertua di dunia, melebihi Pyramid Giza di
Mesir, peradaban Mesopotamia, dan peradaban bangsa Arya, yang usianya antara 2.500 hingga 4.000 tahun Sebelum Masehi. Sehingga dengan demikian, keberadaan Situs Gunung Padang secara otomatis bisa mengubah peta peradaban dunia.



Situs Gunung Padang yang terletak di Desa Karyamukti, Kecamatan Campaka, Kabupaten Cianjur ini telah dibuka untuk kunjungan wisatawan.

Kepala Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Barat mengatakan, Situs Gunung Padang merupakan aset kebudayaan tak ternilai yang dimiliki oleh Indonesia.

“Gunung Padang ‘kan itu situs cagar budaya yang sangat sangat hebat, tapi harus berdasarkan penelitian yang lebih komprehensif.

Secara kunjungan (wisatawan di hari libur, red.) bagus, tapi harus ada juga usaha-usaha untuk memelihara kondisi (situs tersebut),” ujar Nunung Sobari.

Hingga saat ini, para peneliti yang tergabung dalam Tim Peneliti Mandiri Terpadu Gunung Padang masih melakukan penelitian dan ekskavasi atau penggalian terhadap Situs Gunung Padang.

Pengelolaan Situs Gunung Padang saat ini berada di bawah Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala atau BP3, Unit Pelaksana Teknis dari Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Indonesia yang berada di daerah.

Riset Gunung Padang Sudah Selesai, Ada Temuan Istimewa!

Penelitian Tim Terpadu Riset Mandiri (TTRM) di Situs Gunung Padang, Jawa Barat, telah selesai. Danny H. Natawidjaja, koordinator tim itu, mengungkapkan bahwa banyak kemajuan positif dari penelitian ini, yang bisa mengungkap tuntas situs purba tersebut.

“Banyak progres. September 2013 akan dilanjutkan tapi menunggu keputusan. Karena pemugaran situs perlu instruksi presiden. Mudah-mudahan masih bisa terus berlanjut,” ujar Danny, Rabu 11 September 2013 .

Danny menegaskan bahwa sejauh ini semua temuan mengerucut pada satu kesimpulan bahwa situs Gunung Padang memang sangat istimewa. Keistimewaan itu bisa dilihat dari luas situs dan ketinggian, yang bahkan lebih dari Borobudur. Belum lagi soal bahwa situs itu dibangun lebih dari satu lapis budaya.

“Ada beberapa lapis lapis budaya. Untuk lapisan budaya luar umurnya 2.500 tahun sebelum Masehi, sementara yang di bawah sampai 7.000 tahun sebelum Masehi. Di dalamnya itu sudah istimewa,” kata geolog dari Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia itu.

Namun ia enggan mengutarakan kemungkinan keistimewaan bagian dalam situs. Danny beralasan lebih baik menunggu hasil pemugaran. “Sementara itu dulu saja. Yang lainnya nanti,” ujar dia. Kini laporan riset akan dituntaskan untuk dilaporkan ke presiden.

SBY Nilai Temuan Gunung Padang Big Bang Sejarah RI

Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono menerima laporan Tim Terpadu Riset Mandiri Gunung Padang pada, Sabtu 3 Agustus 2013. Menurut Andi Arief, inisiator Tim, Presiden menyatakan hasil riset ini bisa jadi “Big Bang” atau dentuman besar sejarah Indonesia.

Andi menyatakan, dalam siaran pers melalui akun jejaring sosialnya, secara khusus melaporkan perkembangan hasil riset dan ekskavasi arkeologi, pengeboran, dan tomografi sesmik ke Presiden yang berlangsung sejak awal Juli 2013 lalu.

Andi menyatakan, Presiden SBY terus memantau riset ini dan mengatakan bangga terhadap apa yang telah dilakukan oleh para periset dari berbagai lintas ilmu.

“Presiden menyetujui rekomendasi pemugaran di dua lapisan kebudayaan, yaitu lapisan terasering seperti Machu Pichu (lapisan berusia 600 tahun sebelum Masehi) dan lapisan budaya 2 (4.900 tahun sebelum Masehi). Untuk dua lapis kebudayaan 11.500 SM dan 25.000 SM, Presiden SBY menyebut ini Big Bang sejarah Indonesia,” kata Andi.

Untuk itu, para periset akan diminta kembali memaparkan temuan yang luar biasa ini setelah Hari Raya Idul Fitri. Pertemuan dan paparan tersebut adalah yang ke-4 dengan Presiden sejak 2011.

Seperti diketahui, tim geologi melakukan coring dan sudah merekonstruksi rongga (chamber) dan menghisap 32 ribu liter air saat pemboran.

Sementara itu, tim geofisika yang melakukan tomografi seismik juga sudah mendapatkan beberapa hal penting yang memperkuat dugaan tentang adanya rongga yang sudah dilakukan pemindaian sebelumnya.

Bahkan ada “bonus” kejutan yang masih harus diselidiki lebih lanjutan dari hasil tomografi seismik. Tim menggunakan hampir semua teknologi dan metode ilmiah yang ada. Dengan kehati-hatian, setiap perkembangan dianalisis serius agar dapat disimpulkan dengan akurat.

“Kejutan apa yang baru didapat? Tim menyatakan luar biasa dan menguntungkan rakyat. Namun, akan disampaikan ke publik setelah paparan dengan Presiden SBY nanti,” kata Andi Arief.

Ini Temuan Lengkap Tim Andi Arief di Gunung Padang

Tim Terpadu Riset Mandiri (TTRM) Gunung Padang, Cianjur, yang diinisiasi Staf Khusus Presiden, Andi Arief, menemui Gubernur Jawa Barat, Kamis 3 Oktober 2013. Tim akan melaporkan hasil riset, sekaligus meminta masukan untuk rencana selanjutnya.

Dalam siaran pers, TTRM menyatakan, penelitian Situs Gunung Padang bukan kasus cagar budaya dan riset biasa. Ini adalah “frontier research” untuk menggali peradaban nusantara secara multidisiplin dan menggunakan metodologi-teknologi mutakhir di bidang eksplorasi geologi-geofisika.

Akumulasi hasil riset TTRM yang dilakukan dalam 2 tahun terakhir berhasil membuktikan bahwa situs ini sangat luarbiasa bahkan “beyond imagination“.

Temuan oleh Tim Terpadu Riset Mandiri (TTRM) adalah:

Temuan pertama, situs megalitik ini berupa struktur teras-teras yang tersusun dari batu-batu kolom basaltik andesit yang terlihat di permukaan bukan hanya menutup bagian atas bukit seluas 50×150 meter persegi saja tapi menutup seluruh bukit seluas minimal 15 hektare.

Hal ini sudah terbukti tanpa keraguan lagi setelah dilakukan pengupasan alang-alang dan pohon-pohon kecil di sebagian lereng timur oleh Tim Arkeologi pada bulan Juli 2013.



Batu-batu kolom penyusun ini berat satuannya ratusan kilogram, berukuran diameter puluhan sentimeter dan panjang sampai lebih dari satu meter.

Jadi lapisan atas Gunung Padang adalah monumen megah bergaya seperti Machu Pichu di Peru tapi umurnya jauh lebih tua dan berada pada masa prasejarah Indonesia.

Temuan ini saja sudah luar biasa karena selain monumen megalitik yang besarnya sampai 10x Candi Borobudur juga umurnya membuktikan sudah ada peradaban tinggi di Indonesia pada masa prasejarah yang selama ini dianggap zaman berbudaya masih sederhana. Dengan kata lain hal ini akan mengubah sejarah Indonesia dan Asia tenggara.

Temuan kedua, Ada struktur bangunan yang lebih tua lagi, berlapis-lapis sampai puluhan meter ke bawah.

Temuan ketiga, Telah membuktikan secara visual keberadaan lapisan budaya kedua yang hanya tertimbun satu sampai beberapa meter di bawah permukaan.

Ini hasil penelitian dan ekskavasi arkeologi yang dilakukan pada bulan Agustus 2012, Maret 2013, dan terakhir Juni-Juli 2013. Bahkan sebenarnya lapisan kedua ini sudah terlihat ketika penggalian arkeologi yang dilakukan oleh Balai Arkeologi Bandung tahun 2005, hanya waktu itu disalah-tafsirkan sebagai batuan dasar alamiah (sebagai “quarry”) karena belum ditunjang oleh penelitian geologi yang komprehensif dan tidak ditunjang oleh survei geofisika bawah permukaan.

Lapisan kedua ini juga disusun oleh batu-batu kolom andesit yang sama dengan yang diatasnya namun susunannya terlihat lebih rapi dan kelihatannya menggunakan semacam material semen atau perekat.

Temuan keempat, struktur lebih tua yang tertutup oleh lapisan budaya kedua kemungkinan akan lebih fantastis lagi.

Tim menemukan keberadaan dinding dan rongga-rongga besar yang diidentifikasi melalui survei geolistrik berupa zona resistivity yang sangat tinggi (puluhan ribu sampai lebih dari 100 ribu ohm) dan juga terefleksikan oleh citra georadar.

Tim juga sudah melakukan survei tomografi seismik. Hasilnya mengkonfirmasi adanya dinding dan rongga besar di bawah situs yang dicirikan oleh “low seismic velocity zone”.

Temuan kelima, pengeboran untuk pengambilan sampel pada bulan Februari 2013 di lokasi yang berdekatan dengan dugaan rongga terjadi “partial water loss” yang cukup besar pada kedalaman 8 sampai 10 meter.